The types of shares in a company, on a generic note, have only one class of shares, ordinary shares, but it is increasingly common for even very small private companies to have different share classes. This may be done for various reasons, such as to be able to vary the dividends paid, to create non-voting shares, shares for family members, etc. A company can have what shares it likes and can call any class of shares by whatever name it chooses. Apart from ordinary shares, common types are preference shares, non-voting shares, A shares, B shares, etc (sometimes called “alphabet shares”), shares with extra voting rights (sometimes called “management shares”). The share class system is infinitely flexible. Different classes of shares, and the rights attached to them, should be set out in the company’s articles of association. The new classes can then be allotted. Existing shares can be converted to different classes. Taxmantra.com provides you with a comprehensive coverage on these areas. Introduction There can be different types of shares in a company, by setting out those classes and the rights attached to them in the company’s articles. If a company has only one class of shares they will be ordinary shares and will carry equal rights. Different classes of shares within a company can carry identical rights, but very often have different voting, dividend and/or capital rights. This is done for different reasons. Sometimes it is to attract a particular investor, e.g. by giving him or her preference shares. In other cases, shares are given to family members or employees so that dividends may be paid to them, because it may be a more tax-efficient means of making payments to them. In such cases, the owners of the company may want to restrict the rights attached to such shares, e.g. by making them non-voting, and perhaps by making it possible to take the shares back if circumstances change (perhaps by making them redeemable). In some companies, identical classes of shares are issued to different people, and the articles provide that the directors may vary the dividends between the different classes. The following are descriptions of some typical classes of shares. There are no legal definitions of such classes and shares with the same name (e.g. preference shares) will have different rights in different companies. Ordinary shares Most companies have just ordinary shares. They carry one vote per share, are entitled to participate equally in dividends and, if the company is wound up, share in the proceeds of the company after all the debts have been paid. Some companies create different classes of ordinary shares, e.g. ‘A’ ordinary shares, ‘B’ ordinary shares, etc. This is done to create some small difference between the different classes, e.g. to allow the directors to pay different dividends to the holders of the different share classes, or to create deadlock articles, or to distinguish between the shares so that different rules apply for share transfers, etc. There can also be ordinary shares in the same company that are of different nominal values, e.g. Re 1 ordinary shares. Deferred ordinary shares Shares on which no dividend is paid until other classes of shares have received a minimum dividend. Thereafter they will usually be fully participating. Redeemable shares These are shares issued on terms that the company will, or may, buy them back at some future date. The date and terms may be fixed (e.g. that the shares will be redeemed five years after they are issued, perhaps at a price different from their nominal value). This can be a way of making a clear arrangement with an outside investor. They may also be redeemable at any time at the company’s option. This often done with non-voting shares given to employees so that, if the employee leaves the company his shares can be taken back at their nominal value. There are statutory restrictions on the redemption of shares. The main requirement, like a buy back, being that the company may only redeem the shares out of accumulated profits or the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares (unless it makes a permissible capital. Preference shares are often redeemable Non-voting shares Non-voting shares carry no rights to attend general meetings or vote. Such shares are widely used to issue to employees so that some of their remuneration can be paid as dividends, which can be more tax-efficient for the company and the employee. The same is also sometimes done for members of the main shareholders’ families. Preference shares are often non-voting. Preference shares These will usually have a preferential right to a fixed amount of dividend, expressed as a percentage of the nominal (par) value of the share. It is, however, still a dividend and payable only out of profits. The dividend may be cumulative (i.e. if not paid one year then accumulates to the next year) or non-cumulative. The presumption is that it is cumulative. The dividend is usually restricted to a fixed amount, but alternatively the preference share may be participating, in which case it participates in profits beyond the fixed dividend under some formula. Preference share are often non-voting(or non-voting except when their dividend( is in arrears). They are sometimes redeemable. They may be given a priority on return of capital on a winding up. Often they will not be entitled to share in surplus capital. Management shares A class of shares carrying extra voting rights so as to retain control of the company in particular hands. This may be done by conferring multiple votes to each share (e.g. they carry ten votes each) or by having a smaller nominal value for such shares so that there are more shares (and so more votes) per Re 1 invested. Such shares are often used to allow the original owners of a company to retain control after additional shares have been issued to outside investors. Other classes Any class of shares may be created. Sometimes different classes are set up for particular purposes, such as the following arrangements: Voting shares, dividend shares, capital shares Sometimes three classes of shares are created with class ‘A’ having all the voting rights, class ‘B’ having all the dividend rights and class ‘C’ having all the capital rights. It is then possible for the different shareholders to have different percentages of the rights for these purposes. As a simple example, Shareholder 1 may have 40% of the voting rights (‘A’ shares), 50% of the dividend rights (‘B’ shares) and 60% of the capital rights (‘C’ shares). Shareholder 2 then has 60% of the votes, 50% of the dividends and 40% of the capital. Deadlock articles In a company with two investors, A and B (perhaps a joint venture between two unrelated companies) the company may have two classes of shares, A shares and B shares. The shares may carry the same rights but are intended to protect both A and B in certain ways, e.g. the articles may provide for, say, two directors to be nominated by the holders of the A shares and two by the holders of the B shares, etc. Changing the class rights There is some statutory protection given to the holders of a class of shares against the rights on their shares being altered. A minority class of shares, or a class of non-voting shares, would otherwise be vulnerable to the rights on those shares being altered by the majority (e.g. by altering the articles by special resolution). This is known as a variation of class rights. Full consideration of this complex area is outside the terms of this database, but the following is a summary of the main statutory provisions: Class rights may be varied only in accordance with the articles or if either: (a) the holders of three-quarters in nominal value of the issued shares of that class consent in writing to the variation; or (b)a special resolution (75% majority) is passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of that class to sanction the variation. The holders of not less than 15% of the issued shares of the class (being persons who did not consent to or vote in favour of the resolution for the variation), may apply to the court to have the variation cancelled. Conclusion Care needs to be taken when creating different classes of shares and, indeed, in issuing shares generally, since there are so many options, and one stands completely clueless, when it comes to the types of shares in a company. There have been many examples over recent years where shares have been created in order to save tax without taking proper advice as to the implications of issuing such shares to employees, family members, etc. That is not to say that such schemes should be avoided, only that they should be put in place only with proper advice. Taxmantra.com provides an expert service advising on different classes of shares and the procedures for creating them.